Te Hangarau Hīkoi Iho mō ngā Rerehu Pūmau Pai Raweake me ngā Kākahu

Te Pūtaiao o te Whakamahinga Pākarane

Ngā Matū Hōhonu me te Whakato o ngā Pureonga

E hīmata ana te whakato i te pākarane i ngā matū hōhonu, nō te mea he waihanga nui ko te poliakilonitrile (PAN) rāua ko te pitch, e hunga ai ngā āhuatanga o te kaiwhakatetonga. E whakaaro ana te PAN mō tana tūpato me ngā āhuatanga kia mataku ki te whakapakari, nā tēnei ka noho i te kaiwhakatetonga nui mō ngā pākarane karbonika hihiko. I te whakatū pureonga, kia whai take rawa te PAN me te pitch pai, hei whakatumanu i ngā āhuatanga pūkaha o te pūmotu karbonike. Nā ngā raraunga whakahaere, e whai ana te whakato o ēnei pureonga i te ao, i whakaritea e te tono tērā mo ngā wāhi motokā karbonike me ngā whakamahi tūhono. Ko te whakato i te PAN anake e paunga ana i runga i te 90% o te kaiwhakatetonga karbonike, e whakaatu ana i tana take nui i roto i te whakato pureonga.

Ngā Kawa o te Whakawehenga me te Karbonika

Te whakawhitiwhiti i ngā mātāpuna ki ngā pūhoro anuhe ka whai i ngā mahi matua o te whakapūmau me te whakauru anuhe. I te whakapūmau, ka whakapūmau ngā pūhoro mātāpuna e te rongo i roto i te hāwhe ki te whakauru kōhupu ki roto i tō rātou tuhinga herehere, e whakarite ana i a rātou mo te whakauru anuhe e whakaheke ana i te wehe i te whakamahana me te whakapai rangatopu. Ko te mahi whakauru anuhe kei te whakamahana i ngā pūhoro whakapūmau i roto i tētahi wāhi korekore i ngā wehewehe 1000-3000°C, e whakawhanake ana i te nui o te wheako pūhoro ki te anuhe. Ka taea e te whakapūmau te whakauru i ngā paanga ki te 95%, he mea nui tēnei ki te noho whenuatanga o te whakahaere pūhoro anuhe. Ko te whakaaetanga o ēnei mahi e whai ana hei whakamana i ngā pūhoro anuhe ki te whai i ōna tunga whatiwhati me te rangatira māmā, he momo whakaaro e hiahiatia ana i ngā tūranga rorohiko me ngā motokā.

Ngā Pūnaha Hou i te Anuhe Rangatira Whētau

Nano-Whakahaere mō te Whakapaihua i te Tīmatatanga

Kei te whai i tētahi mahi matua te hanga iti nei i te whakariterite o ngā whanaketanga ā-tūranga karbona mō te whakatika i ngā rauemi i te tahataha ātomiko, whakapai ai ngā āhuatanga pai me te pai o ngā hiranga. I te wāhanga whai noa iho, kei te whakamahana ngā whakariterite ātomiko me ngā whakapuaki ki te whakatipu i te whiuwhiu me ngā āhuatanga kaweake o ngā karu ā-tūranga karbona, e whakaatu ana i te mana o te whakatika i ngā ātomu ki roto i te pūnaha rauemi. Hei tauira, kua hangaia e ngā rangahaua ngā whakariterite i te tahataha ātomiko e whakapai ana i te whiuwhiu, e tirotiro ana ki ngā whakamahi tata ki te rāngai whakaheke me ngā whenua motokā. Kei te nui ngā whakamahi i roto i ngā whenua i te whakamahi i ēnei whakaritenga, me te tūroro anō ki ngā whakaritenga atu i te tūroa, ka whakapai i ngā hiranga pai ki te hīrau i runga i ngā rauemi whakaheke, ka whakapai hoki i te tono arohatia i waenganui i ngā whenua.

Ngā Whakamahi Pai Motokā me te Rāngai Whakaheke

Kei te noho ngatahi rawa te wāhanga whakatere ki runga i ngā pūmau aniwaniwa matua hei whiwhi i ngā taurite kahika nui, e hāngai ana ki te pai ake i ngā whakahaere pūhae me ngā pūkenga mahi. E ai ki ngā whatunga pūmau aniwaniwa, kei te kitea ngā painga here kē i roto i te itinga me te rangatira o te whanake, ā, e mōhio ana ngā kaihangarau waka rererangi ki te hanga i ngā waka whiringa me ngā waka pai rawa. No reira, kei te manaaki hoki ngā pūnaha motokā i te hunga aniwaniwa, inā ka whiwhi i te pai ake i ngā huamoni pūrahu me ngā mataki waenganui. Ko ngā tauira pērā ko te BMW i3, e whakamahi ana i ngā pūmau aniwaniwa hei whakatū i te pai me te tirotiro whenua. Kei te tautohe ngā rara nei ki ngā ture tawaroa o te wāhanga, e whakaatu ana i te hurihanga whai take tonu ki ngā whakahaere motokā ahurea.

Ngā Whakatikanga Aniwaniwa Māmā hei Paihere i te Tono

Te Whakauru Pūnaha Hībiri ki ngā Mete

Te whakauru i ngā matera o te rauropi pūngao me ngā mete aroaro ki te rauropi aniwaniwa me ngā mete, ka hīkina te whakapakari me te maha haere o te rauropi aniwaniwa, tae atu ki te whai mana me te noho whenua o ngā mete pērā i te āhoroiti rānei ko te kōpūtahi. Ka puta mai i tēnei whakauru ngā matera matua e whai ana i te whakapakari, ahakoa i te itinga o te manaaki. I roto i te ao motokā, kua horahia ngā motokā nui pai me ngā motokā nui hihiko e te whakaiti i te manaaki motokā i runga, kāore i te whakawhiti i te haumaru rānei, i te pakirehua. Hei tauira, kei te hiahia nui te whakahaere o te Formula 1 ki te whakamahi i ngā whanaketanga rauropi aniwaniwa-kōpūtahi hei whakatipu i te hīkoi me te mātau o ngā waka pākiri. Kei te kitea e ngā pūtaiao matera te whai hua tonu i roto i te hunga here, ka taea te whakatika i ngā momo here whakapakari hou me ngā whakarite kōpū hou, ka whakamana enei i te rauropi aniwaniwa, ka whakahokia i tana mana rorohiko me te whai take.

Te Araheke me te Hīkoi o ngā Motokā Piki Wera

Kei te whai take tonu ngā whakatōngī karbona i te maha o te pūmau me te haurongo o ngā motokā ekaetanga (EV). Ki te iti i te mana o te motokā, ka noho roa ake ngā wāhi karbona hei whakapakari i te raupapa o ngā EV me te whakapakari i ngā kawenga. Hei tauira, ko ngā rautaki e tākaro ana he 10% i te itinga o te motokā ka puta mai he 6-8% i te paihere i te whakamahi ēnei. Ki te whakaae tonu ngā whakangungu motokā ki te whakamahi i te karbona mo te hanga i ngā tinana EV, ka noho iti rawa ngā whakamahi pūhiko, ka noho roa ake te haere i waenganui i ngā whakarite. Ki te nui ake te kēia o ngā kaiwhakamua ki te paihere i ngā raupapa EV, ka taea e ngā whakangungu te tino whakamahi i te hunga karbona. Ko tēnei tikanga e kite ana ki ngā hauora taiao, ā, e tika ana ki ngā hiahia kaiwhakamua mo te nui ake o ngā raupapa me ngā ara haere herehere, e tohu ana i te hurihuri i ngā hanga EV i te tūhura ki ngā karbona komihana.

Ngā Ratonga Whai Take mo te Whakahoki Karbona

Ngā Tikanga Whakahoki Rezina Mahara

Ko te whakawhitiwhiti ika e whai ake nei hei tūtohu matatika mō te hanganga whakaoranga moemoeā mō ngā rau hukahuka karbona, ā, ētahi atu i roto i te mahi o te tahua hara. E ai ki tēnei whakahaere, ka whakaputa i te whakawehenga wāhi o ngā rau i waenganui i ngā wā kē ake i roto i te āhua korekore, me te whakapakari i ngā rau karbona pai rawa. Ki runga i ngā momo hanga tuatahitia, pērā i ngā whakahaere whenua, ko te whakawhitiwhiti ika he pai anō iho i te tirotiro haumaru ā-wāhi, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā pūmau me ngā kaweā i te wā. Hei tā ngā raraunga, ka kitea te pai ake o te whakahokia i ngā rau, me te itinga i te whakarerekē, kia mau tonu ai te whakapapa whakaheke me te weheweheranga karoheti o ngā rau karbona. I runga i te ao whānui, kei te whakapakari i te whakawhitiwhiti ika ngā kāwanatanga me ngā kāwai hanga, e taurite ana ki ngā paerewa o te ao katoa hei whakapai i te wā o te oranga o ngā rau karbona.

Ngā Whakamahi Poro o ngā Rau Whakahokia

Kei te hīmata ngā pūhanga koana anake i roto i ētahi atu whakamahi māmu, whakatōmuri iho nei i tō rātou tūmanako mo te wā e whai ake. E ai ki ngā whakaaturanga, ka noho ngā pūhanga koana anake kē tonu hei whakaeke i ngā moni, ā, kei runga tonu hoki i ngā pai me ngā āhuatanga matua o te mahi, nā reira ka taea e rātau te whakahewetia hei whakautu mō ngā koana whenu. Nga Kaihokohoko Kua whakaatu ngā pūnaha e whai ana i ngā koana karboni anake he whai i ngā paearu o te whenua, ā, ka kitea te itinga moni e 30% nei i āwangawanga i te hunga koana whenu hou, kāore i te whakarite i te pai. Ahakoa, kei raro tonu ngā tūranga, pērā i te whakaae o te wharewhare me te whakauru hangarau, hei taumata. Nā reira, kei te nui ake ngā whakatupuranga i muri mai, pērā i ngā momo hanganga e paihere ana i ngā hara koana me ngā hanganga pūkaha matua, ka taea e rātau te whakatika i ēnei tuhipoka, whakarite iho te ara whanui mō te whakamahi i ngā raraunga karboni anake i roto i ngā whakamahi matua.

Ngā Whakatupuranga 3D i ngā Pūtake Karboni Tino Tiaki

Te Whakaputu Matihiko mō ngā Kōmponeta Matatū

Nā ngā hiranga hou i te whakangungu 3D i whakaaturia te tūtohu taiao o ngā kōmihana anara, e āwhina ana i ngā kaihanga me te hanga i ngā hautupu maha me ngā hautapu matatū i runga i te tino tika. Ko tēnei whakahoutanga he noa iho nui ki ngā wāhi karbona anara e hanga nei, e tautoko ana i te whakaputa i ngā mea me te tino tika ake me te itinga iti i ngā hapa. Ko te whakamahi i te whakangungu 3D mo ngā pūnaha whakaputa iti tonu ko te mea nui kei roto ia, nā te mea ka heitūtanga rawa i raro i ngā momo hokohoko tūturu. Nā ngā whenua e whai ana i te rorohiko me te motokā i whakamahi haere ēnei hiranga hei hanga i ngā wāhi mīhini, tūmanako, e whai ana i te whakapai pai i te mahi. Hei tauira, ko ngā kaihanga pūkaha pērā i te Boeing i whakaae kē ki te whakangungu 3D hei hanga i ētahi wāhi o ngā waka rererangi, i whakaititia mai ana te heitūtanga rawa me te whakawhiwhi i te mana ki ngā ingeniā ki te whakatutuki i ngā whakariterite hanga ki te maha.

Ngā Tauaromahi Pūkaha me te Whakaiti Rawa

Kei te whakamahia e te pūtake whakahaere āheinga, ēnei raraunga tataki i te tūtohu whakahirahira mō te whakamahi 3D printing mo ngā kōmponeta karbona. Nā ēnei tauira ka whakaatu mai ki a matou ko te mea nui kei te itiwhana i te waihanga me te whakapai i te whakamahi rauemi. Ko te hīnaki i runga i te waihanga matua, ko te mea nui ka puta he rauemi whakaeke; engari ko te 3D printing kei te piki i tēnei kore kitea, i te whakapuakitanga o te rauemi ki roto i ngā kākano. Ko te rangahau ka tohua mai ko te mea nui ka whiwhi ai te 3D printing i te 30% itiwhana i runga i ngā momo waihanga matua. Ki te whakaritea ake te hunga whakangungu, ka whai ake ngā tūtohu whakamahi ki waho i te whakahaere āheinga, ka whakanuia ai te paihere i waenganui i ēnei momo, pērā i ngā whenua motokā me ngā rorohiko konohi. Ki te whakatūria ake ngā whakamahinga atawhai, ka noho tonu te whanonga ki te whakapai i te whakahaere parae me te mahi whakahaere i te 3D printing.

Karona Matua: Ngā Whakamahinga Tirohanga

Ngā Momotuhi Karona Lignin

Kei te whakaatu ngā rautaki whakauru raupō i te ara matua hei wāhanga whakamahere mō ngā pūtēra karbona e pai ana i te taiao. Ki te whakamahi i te raupō hei mea taeatia, ka tuku ngā rautaki nei he whakamāoritanga anō ki ngā mahi hanga pūtēra karbona ā-rohe, e hāngai ana ki ngā minera o te whenua. Ki te kawe mai e tētahi rangahau a Te Kāwai Huringa Pūnaha Taiao (NREL), kei te nui ake ngā āhuatanga mekanika o ngā raupō whakauru, e tika ana ki ngā āhuatanga o ngā pūtēra karbona noa iho. Ko ēnei pūkenga e whakapakari ana i te kanorite o ēnei whakariterite o te ao iwi hei whakaiti i ngā pānga moeoneone. I ngā tau whai tuatahi, kei te nui ake ngā whakarite ki ngā mea taeatia i waenganui i ngā whenua rerekē. Ko tēnei kaupapa e whakawhaowhāna ai ki te tono nui mo ngā mea pai mo te taiao, ko tērā i kitea i te hunga e hiahia ana ki te iti i ō rātou pūtake karbona, ahakoa kei te mau tonu rātou ki ngā paerewa huarahi.

Te Whakaiti i te Whanonga Minera o ngā Mahi Hanga

Te whakahaere i te kōwhai karboni mā te taiao ka tukua tonu ki te whakaiti i te hiranga ki ngā waimāori, koia nei ka whakaheke i te pūtake oka o ngā mahi hanga. Ki te huri atu i ngā puna whakarite i te pēteroliumu, ka taea e ngā pakihi whakamahi i ngā rawa ā-taiao, pēnei i te lignin, hei hanga i ngā kōwhai karboni nui i te mutunga. I tenei wa, ka tuhono ngā whakatupuranga hou ki te whakapai i te matakuara hanga, ahakoa te iti iho i ngā whanaketanga moana, pēnei i te whakaiti i ngā pūmau me te kaihao. Ka whakapākehia e ngā kaiwhakautu i te hanga whakarite i te whenua te mana huri noa i a ngā matū mā te taiao. Kāore he mea kīhai kitea i runga i ngā kaiarahi o te pakihi, ka whakahoutia e te whakamahi i ngā kōwhai karboni mā te taiao te ara i hanga ai ngā hua puta noa i roto i ngā rōpū motokā, rorohiko, me ngā rauemi hokoaro, whakatauhia ana he ara pai noa mo ngā whakahaere o te kotahi rā whakamua.

Wāhanga FAQ

He aha nga rawa matua mo te whakahaere i nga kowhai karboni?

Na te hanganga matū i ngā rauemi matua mō te whakatipuranga o ngā perehi anara, he polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ā, me te pitch, ko te PAN te uruwhakahe ka whai wāhi nui i ngā perehi anara hirahira, nā tana haumanutanga me tana rangatiratanga.

He aha te nohoanga o ngā mahi whakamātau me ngā mahi whakamarohirohi i te whakatipuranga perehi anara?

Kei te nui rawa te nohoanga o ngā mahi whakamātau me ngā mahi whakamarohirohi hei whakarerekē i ngā rauemi uruwhakahe ki ngā perehi anara. Ka whakatakoto te mahi whakamātau i ngā perehu ki te whakauru hāora, ā, ka whakawhiti te mahi whakamarohirohi i te nui o te rite ki te anara, ka whai i te hiahia korehua me te rangatiratanga nui.

Nā te hanganga nano e whakapakari ana i te hunga perehi anara?

Ka whakapakari te hanganga nano i ngā rauemi perehi anara i te tahitanga ā-pūnaha, ka whakapakari i te rangatiratanga, te whanonga korehua, me te tūtonu. Nā ngā whakamātau pērā i ngā kākano nano ka whakapai i te whiuweku, ka pai ai te whakamahi i roto i ngā ratounga rāngai whakaata me ngā ratounga motokā.

Nā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hāpori e painga ana i te motokā?

Nā ngā materiana hāpai pūmau e whakamahia ana i te muka karbona me ngā meteina hei whakaiti i ngā wāhi o ngā motokā, nō reira ka mau tonu te tūmanawa me ngā ture haumaru. Ka puta he motokā ake rite rawa ā-waha me te noho ki runga i ngā taimaheke Formula 1.

He aha te mahi o te piroriro i roto i te whakahoki i te muka karbona?

Ko te piroriro he tukanga whakaora i tēnei ao e whai mana ai ki te tiakina i ngā hara i runga i ngā materiana muka karbona, e angitutia ai ngā ōrite o ngā muka, me te iti i ngā pūmau me ngā kaweao i roto i te taiao.